Apparatus for the treatment of water and other liquids by ultra-violet rays.



V. HENRI, A. HELBRONNER l IVI. VN RECKLINGHAUSEN. APPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT 0F WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS BY ULTRA VIOLET RAYS.

APPLICATION FILED NDV. I0. 1913.

Patented Oct. 10, 1916.

5 SHEETS-SHEET l.

Fvg.

INVENTORS: M

WITNESSES V. HENRI, A. HELBRONNER &'M. VONRCKLINGHAUSEN. APPARATUS FoRTHE TREATMENT 0E WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS RY ULTRA VIOLET RAYS.

APPLICATION FILED NOV I0. I9I3.

1,200,940. u Patented 00A-10,1916.Y 5 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

@E y C g KEN 6 3 f Z 4`, L d

V. HENRI, A. HELBRONNER & M. VON RECKLINGHAUSEN. APPARATUS FoR THE TREATMENT 0F WATER AND OTHER Lloul'ns BY ULTRA vloLET RAYS.`

APPLICATION FILED NOV. I0\.I9I3

Patented 0ct.,10,1916.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 3 WITNESSES:

-V. HENRI, A. HELBRONNER & M. VON RECKLINGHAUSEN.

APPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT OFIWATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS BY ULTRA VIOLET RAYS. APPLICATION FILED NOV I0. 1913.

1,200,940. y Patented ome. 10,1916.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

wlmassas I NV I y ENTOR- V. HENRl-A. HELBRONNER & IVI. VON RECKLINGHAUSEN.

APPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT 0F WATER AND OTHER LIQUIDS BY ULTRA VIOLET RAYS. APPLICATION FILED Nov Io, I9I3.

1 ,200,940` Y Patented Oct. 10, 1916.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 5- 1w! H l IiI WTNESSES: INVENTORSI a Mi/0 l 01]' l' fAPPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT F T1:D' sTATEs PATENT ormoni.

' vIcToR HENRI, or PARIS, ANDl ANDR HELBRONNER- AND MAX von RECKLING- HAUSEN, OF SURESNES, FRANCE, ASSIGNORS, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO THE R. U.. V. COMPANY, INC.,A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

Specification of Letters Patent.

10,1913. serial No. 800,049. i

T 0 all whom tv-nay concern Be it known that we, VICTOR HENRI, a citizen of the French Republic, residing at Paris, France, ANDR' HELBRONNER, a citizen of' lthe French Republic, residing at Suresnes, France, and MAX VON RECKLNG- HAUsEN, a subject of the German Emperor,

residing at Suresnes, France, have invented a new and useful Improvement in Apparatus for the Treatment of Water and other Liquids by Ultra-Violet Rays, of which the following is a speciication, this application fleeing a division of application Serial No.

589,995, filed october 91, 1910.

This invention relates to the treatment and sterilization of liquids by meansy of ultra-violet rays, and particularly to the sterilization .of such liquids as arev only slightly or not at all opaque to the rays, and

has for its lobject the construction `of apparatus suitable for the purpose.

Sterilization apparatus of two .different types has been previously described in the iirst of which the source of ultra-violet rays is located above the liquid to be sterilized, and .in the second of which the source o1. the rays is submerged in the liquid. In the first case, which can be applied in a simple way only tol liquids which are not under pressure, some of the rays are emitted in`directions other than toward the liquid which x Furthermore,-when Water is being sterilized f y deposits of mineral matter of a nature similar to boiler crusts are formed on the lamp tube which interfere with the passagerof the ultra-violet rays. 'i

In our applicat1on for Letters Patent Sevy rial No. 565611, we have described. apparatus in which the liquid, for instance water,

is sterilized by .means of sources of ultra-v violet rays which are placed above the liquid and. 1n our application .for Letters Patent Serlal No. 565612 we have described a method of sterilizing liquidsin which the source of the ultra-violet rays is immersed 1n the'same, land in the preferred form of construction the mercury vapor lamp used A as a source for the rays is inclosed in a quartz envelop, the space between the lamp and the outer envelop being exhausted to a high vacuum. .Now it will be obvious that as thel ultra-violet rays penetratel more deeply into the water, they become less active" and therefore the'parts of the water nearest the ultra-violet rays will be acted upon to a greater extent than thosev parts which are farther away. In order, therefore, to secure uniformity 01'? action on the total bulk of Water treated, itis desirable to provide means for circulating the water through the apparatus, so that all parts of the same are acted upon to the necessary extent, and as far as possible lto an equal degree. For this' reason the water'should in many cases .be circulated to and fro within the sphere of action of the ultra-violet rays and guides or baffle plates may be provided 7 Y for the purpose. Care should be taken, however, to so arrange the-parts that such` guides or baffle .plates do not shelter any parts ofy the water from the rays. This object can generally be accomplished bV varranging the 'baiii plates in a radial di-r rection with reference to the position of the source of the ultra-violet rays employed.

' Patented oet. 1o, 191e. original application iled October 31, 1910, Serial N0."589,995. vDivided. and this application filed November" WATER AND OTHER L'IQUIDs BY ULTRA-'vroLET NAYS.

It will' he apparent that the bactericidal effect of the ultra-violet rays will be all the, more energetic` the nearerv the bacteria are to the source of the rays. In sterilizing a current of water fiowing ythrough L a v trough it is therefore desirable to regulate the duration of exposure pf each component part of the current according to its distance `from the source of. rays. If all theliquid were to flow underneath a lamp at a uniform speed, the .duration of exposure would need to be regulatedso kas to completely sterilize those partsvof the liquid which pass farthest remote from the lamp and this would cause an excessive expenditure of energy for. the liquid immediately below the constructedrequire to be tilted in order to vices may be employedv lamp. For the sake of economy it is therevapor lamps having `a container made ofv quartz, which is permeable to the ultra-vio let rays. Such lamps are now Well known and furnish the most powerful source of ultra-violet rays available at the present day. Some of these lamps, as at present operate them at starting, and a device must, therefore, be arranged for doingthis from the exterior of the apparatus in those cases where the lampsare not easily accessible. Any of the well known automatic tilting deif desired, and a convenient form of such`devioe comprises a solenoid,'the armature of which is connected to one endof the lamp. f When the lamp circuit is closed the solenoid raises the end of the lamp and causes the latter to start, and when this has been done, the shunt circuit leading to'thesolenoid is automatically opened. v

. In apparatus in which the source of the ultra-yiolet rays is `immersed in the liquid, it is desirable that the lamp should be easily accessible and that means should be provided for. starting the same by the magnetic tiltingmethod. For

should be supported in a special lamp chamber and in apparatus of this type water y under pressure may be sterilized and the a pensive to construct-.eilicen 'bythe use of magnetic .tilting ahigh tension device.

greater part of the ul'traviolet rays utilized. The lamp chamber is inserted in the sterilizing tank either, from the top or from the side,`and the chamber is provided with` WindoWs permeable to ultra-violet rays surrounding that part ofthe lamp which emits such rays. The apparatus so' constructed permits f automatic operation, 3is inexand 'allows'of the lampvbeing 'readily attended to or replaced -in caseof` defects. Balile plates can be arranged ih the sterilizlng,tank preferably in a radial v7direction from the lamp so' that the liquid iowing therethrough 55 is `directly submitted to thegin- 'provision can be'made in the lamp chamber for automatically starting the lamp either apparatus" or of the lamp chamber may be constructed from plates of rock crystal, and one plate together pieces of this reason. the lamp` in operation,

U p baiiie plates-'separated from fluence of the rays passlng through thel 'windows -v The quartz v.windows lshow in perspective the lower may be used for each window althoughin cases Where large windows are required each may be built,up like a stained, glass Window from plates of rock crystal secured together with binding strips. Instead of using plates of rock crystal the part of the lamp tube which emits ultra-violet rays may lbe surrounded by a channel or tube of quartz cut out of rock crystal or made by fusing quartz of suitable shape in the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe flame. The quartz can also be molded in the molten state in order to obtain the desired shape of tube or channel. The sterilizing conduit may also be constructed with tubular windows which surround the part of the lamp which emits ultra-violet rays. A

he apparatus provided with a lamp chamber or tubular windows is particularly suitablefor sterilizingwater under pressure because the lamp may be caused to operate either at atmospheric pressure or in a vacuum or under pressure as desired.

As indicated above in sterilizing 'a current of liquid Howing through a trough it is y*.95 v

desirable to regulate the duration'of exposure of each component part of the current according .to its 'distance from vthe l source of the rays, and this also applies in the case of ayclosed conduit. Baliie plates may therefore be'arranged at suitable posin tions in the conduit, the' liquid passing above, below, or at the s ide of said bai` plates.' ...The shape of ythe baflie plate can be made so as to obtain a frictional retardation of' the liquid wherever it is required. The conduit itself may also be narrowed down -near the lampsand widened out away from the lamps, so that the speed .of the liquid is greatest .juist as it is passing a lamp and in that part of the conduit in immediate I proximity. to the lamp.

' In order that the nature of our invention apparatus constructed in accordance with the present 1nvent1on, Fig. 2 1s a Ver.

tical section on the lineII-II of Fig. 1,115. Fig. 3 is a horizontal'section 4on the line IIIe-III of Fig. 1. Fig. 4-i`s a perspective view of the lamp chamber and one o'f the -f theremaining u parts of the apparatus of Fig. 1. Figs. 5 and 6 show' in vertical sectionmodifications of the apparatus shown. in Fig. l and Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate the manner-in which the lamp chamber or quartz Windows are attached` to the sterilizing chamber, Fig. 7 125 being a sectional view and Fig. 8 a view in elevation ofsaid apparatus. Fig. 9 shows in vertical section a form of construction of a lamp chamber and Figs. A10 and ll and upper 139 sections respectively of the same. Figs. 12,

\ 13 14 and 15 Ashow in perspective different shapes of tubular windows. which may be used for surrounding the part of the lamp which emits ultra-violet rays. Fig. 16 shows in vertical section a modified construction of the lamp chamber which permits of the rays emitted in all directions being "which is provided with bafl'le plates for:

utilized. Fig. 17 shows in vertical section a sterilizing chamber provided with a tubular lamp, chamberc Fig. 18 shows in vertical section a sterilizing conduit'provided. with channels permeable to ultra-violet rays adapted to receive a part of the lamp which emits such rays and Fig.4 19 is a modified form of this apparatus shown in section regulating the speed of the liquid.' Fig. 20 is a vertical sectional view showinganother -forin of the apparatus; shownjin Fig. 6 and Figs; 27 and 28 areLside and endA views respectively ofisectional elevations of a fur:

thei modiiication, the section for Fig. 27 being taken on the line XXVIIwXXVII of Fig. 28.

' Referring now to Figs. 1 to 4 the sterilizing apparatus comprises an outer chamber or casing 1 provided with baliie plates 2 for guiding the water iin a circuitous path through the apparatus. provided with an opening 3 at the top through Awhich the lamp chamber 4 is inserted.' The lamp chamber 4 is constructed to accommodate the lamp 5 @which is arranged longitudinallyl in the lower part. The lampVL chamber is narrowed alongside the luminous tube of the lamp and is provided with three quartz windows 6, one at each side andone underneath the lamp, or these three ysides may bey replaced by one quartz channel. Pockets 7 are provided for reeeiving the two ends 8 of the lamp. The lamp 5 is pivotally suspended at one end by means of a collar from the bracket A9 mounted on the wall of the lamp chamber.

nectedto-a rod 10 which'is attachedto the The other end of the lamp is pivotally conarmature 11V of an electro-magnet 12 also mounted in the lamp chamber. The lamp chamber is provided with flanges 13 adapted to tit closely over the edges 14 of the opening of the sterilizing chamber and a cover 15 is provided. for the top of the lamp cham lier. rlhe liquid, water for example,I is ad- This chamber is mitted to the apparatus through the opening 16 and iows in the direction shown by the arrows until it reaches *the outlet 17. An advantage of this construction which is of' considerable importance commercially is that the lamp chamber is readily removed from the remainder of the apparatus so that the quartz windows 'can be cleaned and attended to when necessary and the lamp is very easily'accessible. A useful feature as` sociated with this and some of the other forms of apparatus herein described is that the liquid is caused by means/'of the baffle plates to change its direction of iiow while exposed to the rays. Thus, particles of dust andthe likev are turned over and microbes which might find shelter behind such par,l

ticles come within the sphere of action and are destroyed.

It will'be observed that the battle plates 2 are arranged radially from the lamp vso that no shadows are formed and the liquid i whichis being sterilized is at all times directly exposed to the ultra-violet rays.

In Fig. 5 there. is shown a modied form of construction ofthe apparatus above'described with reference to Figs. 1 to 4. It comprises asterilizing tank 1 provided with bafHe plates 2. .The top of the sterilizing tank is formed by two sides 18 and 19 which slope downward toward the middle, leaving an opening where the quartz. channel or windows 6 is or are mounted. The lamp chamber vorhood 20 is` mounted on the sterilizing tank with hermetically -tight joints and is constructed so that it can be removed from the sterilizing tank 1, and the lamp 5 is mounted therein, an automatic electro-magnetic tilting device 12 being provided for operating the lamp at starting. If desired a vacuum may be created in the lamp chamber. The liquid, for instance 5 is supported in a chamber or tubular win- `dow 22 located axially in the middle of the cylindrical chamber. Battle plates 2 are provided alternately on the walls of the tank and the lamp chamber as shown. The inlet 16 is situated near to the outlet 17 but separat'ed therefrom by the partition 23 so vthat the liquid in passing through the apparatus makes a complete circle around the lamp chamber, and at the same time makes a ci'rcuitous or zigzag path as shown by the arrows, on account of the baiiie plates 2. .The

` l sterilizing chamber 21and the lamp cham-l indicated for convenience ber 22 may be divided longitudinally as in assembling the parts imposition around the lamp.

I T-he upper, flange 24 is -f the sterilizing tank lo l`the sides of the'tankl .to prevent leakage.

Ais being Figs. 7 and 8 show' how a lamp chamber somewhatfsimila'r to that illustrated in Fig.

5 may be secured. inthe sterilizingtank.

and side 4flanges 25 are provided on the ends of the lamp chamber which project through the sides of the tank, these side flanges being clamped to The lamp chamber hereinbefore described -is capable of various modifications and a useful form of construction is shown in Fig.

V9 in which the lamp 5 is supported in a lamp chamber comprising a lower portion 26 and anupper portion 27. Enlarged portions ,constructed of metal or other suitable niaterial. surround thel end iportions of the lamp. Surrounding the middle portion of i. the lamp is a tubular window 29 permeable :to ultra-violet rays which may be constructed of quartz or @ther suitable material. The lamp chamber may bestrengthened by means of bolts 28 which hold the enlarged portions tightly against the tubular portion 29. This chamber containing the lamp may be entirely immersed in the liquid which sterilized and in order to start the lamp into operation it is suiiicient to tilt one end of the lamp chambenjor if desired' provision can be made' for tilting the 'lamp inside thek box. Figs. 10 and 11 show the bottom and top sections lamp chamber shown in Fig.`9.' If it is desired tocreate a vacuum f joints where the sectionslare fitted together. jrj'r is canv be'donefbyprovi'ding a groove as" two super-imposed channels 31 of quartz of as shown for instance in ycover; l v hexagonal cross` sectionconstructed of two halves 34, while the :formV 'qfshown in Fig. 10 in the edges of the two sections which can be filled bya cord of rubber 30 ror other suitable packing materiall l5. Fig. 12 shows an envelop'composedof semicircular cross section vadapted 4to ,receive 'the tube of the lamp 5. In Fig. 13 the chanand is provided'with a `flat piece 33 as -a The formV shown in` yFigpli'is of bolted to the edges;

`with 'suitable packing et .respectively ofI the in the lamp cham- `ber it is' necessary to make hermetically tight window.

vfprms a perfectly airtight ity nel is shown of rectangularcross section 32 f shown in Fig. 15

hasatriangular cross section composed of the `V-shapedv portion 35 and the flat piece 36 covering the same. These tubular windows or envelops ysurrounding the lamp tube are mounted in thelamp chamber as shown in Fig. 9. v

Fig. 16is a Inodied form of the lamp chamber shown in Fig. 4: which is adapted to emit rays throughout an angle of 360.

Itwill be obvious from an examination of the drawings that ineach form of constructionI practically all the ultra-violet rays emitted by the lamp are utilized. There will vbe comparatively little absorption of the rays by the air inthe lamp chamber, because the quartz windows are arranged as close as possible to theI lamp tube although if desired the lamp chamber may be exhausted so that no absorption `will take place at all. In the form of construction shown A.in Figs. l and 2, the lamp 5 maybe surmounted bya reflector if desired. When a device is used for automatically closing the lamp circuit when l the ow of water through the apparatus com- Inencesb it is desirable to so determine the lpower of the lamp in relation to the size of the sterilizing chamber that no. unsterilized water` shall leave the apparatusf.: This object can be achieved by lmaking the sterilizing chamber large in relation to the maximum amount of water flowing through the ap aratus. i

n the apparatus 'shown in Fig. 17 the steriliz'ing conduit 37 is provided -with a tubular window 38 which is mounted transversely in the same. This window maybe cylindrical in shapeor may have any of the -modifed shapes lshown in Figs. 12 to 15.

Thelamp 5 is located so that the tubular part of thelamp is surrounded by the window 38, it being necessary t0 insert the lamp l before the Asterllizing element is erected. The

water passes through the same, entering at 16 and leaving at 17 and during its passage through thetank is exposed to the ultraviolet,v rays 11'0, which penetrate through thev .The form ofconstruction shownin Fig. 18(

comprises a sterili'zing conduit 39 of circular crosssection with channels 4 0 constructed of violet rays mounted transverselyin the conquartz or 'other material permeable to ultraduit; These Channels are adapted to receive l qthe tubular portion of the lamp 5 and the water passing through the conduit is exposed tothe ultra-violet rays which penetrate through the quartz channels and is rapidly sterilized. Any number of these channels may be provided according to the rapidof the flow of water through the conduit.

As hereinbefore mentioned; in orde' to ob-` tainvthe greatest efficiency it is'desirable .to so arrange the apparatus that the speedof theliquid flowing close to a lamp is greater than liquid which is flowing more remote in part of a material such as quartz from said lamp. The apparatus should therefore be designed so that the time of exposure is regulated in accordance with the distance of the liquid from the lamp. Fig. 19 shows a method of accomplishing this object. Opposite each of the channels 4() in which the lamp tube is mounted a baille plate 41 is arranged with passages 42 near tothe channels 40. The liquid, as it flows through the openings where the cross section is reduced, will have a greater speed thanin the main portion of the conduit. Fig. 20 showsy a modified form of construction in which baille plates 41 are mounted midway between the adjacent lamp channels 40 and the liquid flowing above the baille plates and just below the lamp channels will have a greater speed than that flowing at the bottom of the recesses between adjacent baille plates 41. By this means the speed of the liquid in different parts of the conduit is so regulated that all parts of the liquid are exposed for a sufficient f period of time to become sterilized without any part being subjected to an excessive expenditure of energy. Another form of apparatus for achieving this object is shown in Figs. 21, 22 and 23 in which the sterilizing chamber comprises a trough or conduit 39 through which the liquid to be treated is caused to flow. The lamp '5 is supported in a channel 40 which is constructed wholly or which is permeable to the ultra-violet rays. If it is vassumed that the part of the lamp which emits the rays in the greatest concentration is located approximately over the middle of the conduit, the liquid at the surface immediately below the middle of the lamp will be exposed to rays of greater activity than the liquid at the sides and bottom of the conduit. In order to cause the liquid near the surface to flow more rapidly than the liquid at the bottom of the troughbbaffle plates 43 having a triangular notch or gate 44 therein are arranged in the conduit the apex of which is situated in the lower part of the baille plate as shown. The upper part of the liquid will flow through the wide opening at a greater speed than the lower part of the same, which flows through the reduced opening and where greater friction is offered to the progress of the current of liquidi The cross section of the conduit immediately below the lamp is trapezoidal. in form, as shown in Fig. 23, that is to say, the sides 45 converge toward the lamp channel 40. Where the baffle plates are located the crosssection of the conduit is rectangular and the cross section gradually changes from a trapezoid to a rectangle and vice versa betweenthe position of the lamp channel and baille plates. Since in the neighborhood of the lamp the conduit is wider at the bottom than it is at the top the liquid will How more rapidly just below the lamp than at the bottom which is farther from the Vliquid flowing immediately under the lamp .has a free passage whereas liquid at the bottom of the trough is obstructed by the corrugations or baille plates and caused to flow slowly.

It will be` obvious that other methods of achieving the same results may be devised and that two or more of the above methods for regulating the speed of the liquid may be combined, depending upon the nature of the liquid to be treated by means of ultraviolet rays and the time of treatment necessary. VVe therefore do not limit ourselves to the particular forms of construction above described which are only intended to illustrate and explain the nature of our invention, and we wish it to be understood that reasonable developments and modifications of such constructions fall within the scope of ,the same.

Fig. 26 is an end view in sectional elevation of va modified form of 4the apparatus shown in Fig. 6. A drum 49 of cylindrical shape is provided'with a lamp chamber 50 located axially in the same and the tubular part of quartz or other material permeable to the ultra-violet rays surrounds the tubular part of the lamp 5. Suilicient space is allowed to permit of the lamp being tilted for the purpose of starting. As shown the tubular window is somewhat shorter than the drum and the side walls of the latter converge toward the former. Hinged covers 51 are provided for the ends of the lamp as shown. In other respects the construction is similar to that shown in Fig. 6, baffle plates being provided alternately mounted on the circumference of the drum and the lamp chamber.

A modified form of construction is shown in Figs. 27 and 28, in which an auxiliary chamber 52 communicating with the delivery pipe 55 with apertures for the entry of the liquid is provided inside the main drum. Owing to the position of the inlet pipe 54 being tangential to the circumference of the drum the water is compelled to take a rotary path around the tubular win dow 50. The apertures 58 in the auxiliary chamber are located near the axis of the drum. If desired the direction of flow of the liquid through the apparatus may be reversed. By locating the inlet pipe at one end of the drum and the outlet pipe at the other, as shown in Fig. 28, the liquid not various forms ultra-violet rays,

only takes a rotary path around the tubular window but this rotary motion is modified in that the liquid takes a spiral course.

Throughout this specification We have used the term sterilization in connection with apparatus suitable for carrying out this object, but We Wish it to be understood that our invention coverspthe use of the of apparatus herein described and all the modifications thereof which are included Within the limitations of the appended claims for treating liquids generally with ultra-violet rays.

What We claim is:

l. The combination with a receptacle for containing a liquid to be treated by ultraviolet rays of a treating chamber with Walls composed of material, such as quartz, which is permeable to such rays, contained in 0r extending through the receptacle, and a Source of ultra-violet rays, such as a. mercury vapor lamp adapted to be inserted or removed from the treating chamber. 2. The combination with a receptacle for containing liquid to be treated byultraviolet rays, of a treating chamber having solid Walls which are permeable to such rays, extending into and forming a part of the receptacle and a source of ultra-violet' rays such as a mercury vapor lamp adapted to be inserted in or removed from the said treating chamber. v

3. In apparatus for treating liquids by the combination with a receptacle for containing the liquid, aA treating chamber located Within and removable from the same, and having solid Walls which are permeable to ultra-violet rays, and a source of ultra-violet rays, supported Within but removable from the said chamber.

' 4. In an apparatus for treating liquids by ultra-violet rays, the combination of a receptacle for containing the liquid to be treated, a lamp chamber supported therein, and having solid Walls which are permeable to ultra-violet rays, a mercury vapor lamp removable from said chamber, and battle plates in the main receptacle arranged sov as not to intercept the rays from the lamp but to direct the liquid flowing through the receptacle toward and from the Walls of the lamp chamber.

5. In apparatus for treating liquids by ultra-violet rays,

the combination of a receptacle through which the liquid flows While undergoing treatment, a lamp Vchamber located Within the same, and having solid walls permeable to ultra-violet rays, a mercury vapor lamp constituting a source of such rays supported Within the lamp chamber and baille plates arranged Within the receptacle in such relation to the lamp chamber as not to intercept the rays but to cause the liquid to flow toward and -from the lamp chamber and in thinner streams over the surface of the same than at points more remote therefrom. Y

In testimony whereof We have hereunto subscribed our names this tenth day of May VICTOR HENRI.

ANDRE HELBRONNER.

MAX voN RECKLINGI-IAUSEN. -VVitnessesz HANsoN C. CoxE,

JOHN BAKER. 

